![viscosity of water viscosity of water](https://ascelibrary.org/cms/asset/531297db-7cb6-4e50-b8ce-8b5dba1a3114/9780784408230.ap02.fp.png)
This unique micronano hierarchical structure was constructed by the sparsely populated micropapillae with nanosized wax crystals to make it a superhydrophobic surface 15, 16, 17. The lotus leaf has hydrophobic nature, which has a thin botanical wax film present on the leaf surface. A question may arise whether the secondary fluid increase the viscosity of suspensions. The two-fluid suspension is complex and behaves in a variety of ways. In contrast to the pendular state, this is called capillary state 11, 13. If the second immiscible fluid did not preferentially wet the particles, it would agglomerate the particles and create sample-spanning network structures due to the strong capillary forces from the bulk wetting fluid. Once such a meniscus was formed, the interfacial tension would draw the particles together and formed an elastic network, it is called pendular state 12. When the secondary fluid preferentially wets the particles, it forms a pendular meniscus around the contact point between particles. Koos and Willenbacher found that adding small amount of a secondary fluid, immiscible with the primary fluid in suspension, could create pendular bridges or capillary forces between particles and dramatically altering the bulk rheological behavior from predominantly viscous or weakly elastic to highly elastic or gel-like 11, 12, 13, 14. Along the same lines, just a bit of water can enable one to turn a pile of dry sand into a spectacular sandcastle 10. The addition of a small amount of fluid to a suspension may dramatically change the macroscopic properties of the material and attractive capillary forces between two grains deforms the grains elastically, yielding a “spring constant” for further deformation 9. However, it also needs the suspension with low viscosity and high volume ratio of particles to suspension, such as the coal-water slurry (CWS).
![viscosity of water viscosity of water](https://i0.wp.com/blog.amsoil.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Kinematic_Viscosity_Concept-e1527008065573.jpg)
In practical application, to produce and deliver a suspension with a low volume ratio of particles to suspension and with high viscosity is often required, such as the dye-pigment. Physicochemical properties of particle surface, such as the functional groups, roughness, wettability and the effect of surfactants, may also influence the rheological properties 6, 7, 8. It was found that the rheological behavior was usually controlled by the particle volume fraction, the particle shape, repulsive electrostatic force between particles, the spatial arrangement and nature of the bulk fluid 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
![viscosity of water viscosity of water](https://malagabay.files.wordpress.com/2014/10/dynamic-viscosity-of-water.gif)
Much effort has been made in controlling the flow behavior and rheological properties of suspension. Izrailevskii L.B.: Experimentelle Untersuchung der Viskosität von Wasserdampf bei Temperaturen bis 450☌ und Drücken bis 350 bar.Suspensions of particles are ubiquitous in nature and are important in both of scientific and industrial fields such as food, plastics, pharmaceutical and coal gasification. Search the DDB for all data of Water Diagramsīabak S.F.: Viscosity and Density of Binary Mixtures of Nicotine. For more data or any further information please search the DDB or contact DDBST. The data represent a small sub list of all available data in the Dortmund Data Bank. The experimental data shown in these pages are freely available and have been published already in the DDB Explorer Edition.
![viscosity of water viscosity of water](https://d2vlcm61l7u1fs.cloudfront.net/media%2F874%2F87418a2d-ec16-4d7a-a647-300222074ead%2FphpIFFPB5.png)
Dortmund Data Bank Dynamic Viscosity of Water